Functional Symptoms

There are several ways of describing the link between the mind and body which can help us to understand Functional Symptoms. Let’s start with a ‘Computer Analogy’.

Terminology 

• Hardware: the collection of physical parts of a computer system. For example, the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. The hardware is comparable to the brain. 

• Software: the programme, or instructions, that tell the hardware what to do. The software is comparable to the mind. 

Think of the brain and nerves as a computer that sits on a desk. But the electrical messages that run through the nervous system are like the computer’s software. When the compute breaks, sometimes things go clearly wrong with the hardware (you can see the part is physically damaged, it can be fixed and replaced). However, sometimes things go wrong with the software. Whilst we cannot see these changes, sometimes reprogramming the software can help make positive change towards fixing the computer.  

The same can be said of Functional Symptoms. Sometimes the brain picks up messages that something is wrong, and we can experience symptoms because of this. However, we cannot see anything physically wrong in medical tests, such as scans or blood tests (there is nothing wrong with the hardware, and therefore it cannot be replaced or fixed). Software problems may include psychological and social components, and therefore some of our ‘reprogramming’ needs to include these elements.  

We can explain Functional Symptoms by talking about common examples of the link between psychology and biology. 

Functional Symptoms are not ‘all in the mind’, but neither are they all in the body. To understand them we have to think about how the mind and body work together. Our body and mind work together and affect each other. 

• Scientists tell us that our brain communicates with our body, and our body communicates with our brain. Messages travel down the nerves from the brain to the body, and back again from the body to the brain. 

• Hormones are natural chemicals that travel the body through the bloodstream. Some hormones are produced in the brain and affect the body. Some are made in the body and affect our brain, which has an impact on our feelings and emotions. 

Everyday thoughts, feelings, and stressors play a part in making changes in our bodies. For example; 

Fear and Extraordinary Strength 

In 1982 Angela Cavallo lifted a car off of her son, who was trapped beneath it. He had been fixing the underneath of the car when the tool holding it off of the ground broke. Seeing this accident made Angela fear for her son’s life. She was an average sized woman, but still managed to hold up the 3,000 pound vehicle for five minutes whilst the neighbours rescued her son from beneath it. This seemingly superhuman strength is a part of the ‘Fight vs. Flight’ response (explained on p.9). The release of adrenaline during the Fight vs. Flight response encouraged blood to rush to all of her working muscles, meaning muscles can contract with more force and power than normal. It is possible that during situations of extreme psychological stress and/or danger, that the adrenaline rush enables us to unlock a muscle’s true potential that might otherwise not be achieved voluntarily.  

This example shows the interaction between an extreme psychological state, fear, and our biology; demonstrating the Mind-Body Link. 

There are also many more common day-to-day examples of the Mind-Body Link… 

Blushing

When you feel embarrassed, or shy, you may notice your cheeks going pink…this is blushing! Blushing is a physiological response to feeling shy or embarrassed. 

Butterflies  

Feeling worried or scared can sometimes give you the feeling that there are lots of butterflies fluttering in your tummy! For example, on your first day of your new secondary school you may feel butterflies in your tummy because you are worried or scared, but these go away once you feel more relaxed and comfortable. \

Throat Lumps

You may notice that when you feel upset or anxious your throat may feel as though there is a big lump in your throat. Although your throat might feel tight, there is not actually anything blocking it. This is the bodies physical response to psychological distress. However, when your level of anxiety or upset lowers, the ‘lump’ disappears. 

Tears 

Tears are a physiological response to emotions such as sadness, happiness, and anger – we cry when we feel strong emotions. This is an example of your body (hardware) and mind (software) interacting. 

Stress

Walking into an exam can be very stressful. You may notice that your heart race increases as you walk into the exam room. Stress generated in the brain results in bodily changes, such as an increased heart rate. The mind influences the body. 

 Exercise and Mental Health  

Physical activity causes the release of chemicals in our brains, such as endorphins, which improves our mood and makes us feel good. 

Some people experiencing Functional Symptoms can get caught in an unhelpful cycle. It is important to recognise what this cycle is so we can break it to improve quality of life.

Tips: For younger children exploring their emotions using this model, try using a smiley face system.

The Fight vs. Flight Response is a good example of how psychological distress can affect our physical symptoms! As discussed on page 5-6, anxiety is an excellent example of a psychological state which can contribute towards Functional Symptoms. 

Thousands of years ago, when we were cavemen, stress and anxiety were very useful emotions because they helped us act in the face of immediate danger, keeping ourselves safe. For example: 

 A bear jumps out in front of you > you feel anxious > physical changes occur in your body, preparing you to either fight or run away > you fight or run away > you are now safe and your anxiety is relieved > your body returns to normal. 

Anxiety is not always as helpful in today’s environment. Our body still reacts in the same way as it did thousands of years ago, however, the world today is much more complicated and many of the things that make us worry cannot be fixed immediately. This can leave us with feelings of anxiety, which are difficult to resolve instantly.  

 However, anxiety exists for a reason, and can be helpful in protecting us from immediate danger. 

 When you feel anxious you may notice several changes in your body. Circle the signals you notice when you get anxious: 

Tip: When your child is in fight vs. flight, help them to focus on regulating their breathing. Avoid using phrases such as “calm down”. Instead, use “let's breathe” or “in through the nose, out through the mouth” or “you're okay, just breathe”.

Pacing is a skill which enables you to consistently carry out activities without causing excessive tiredness or inactivity. Pacing is the middle ground between doing nothing and doing too much. Over time you may notice that pacing enables you to do more.

1. Choose an activity, such as seeing your friends or school work. 

2. Measure the length of time you feel physically and emotionally comfortable doing this. Do this at least 3 separate times on good and bad days. 

3. Take the average of these times. This helps you find your comfortable starting point (amount of time) to spend on these activities. Try to stick to this time, no more and no less.

Remember:

• Pacing can give you more control.

• Pacing is about judging when to stop an activity based on time and not mood.

• The comfortable starting point should be used on both good, and bad days. It is normal to find it difficult to limit yourself on good days. 

• Using a comfortable starting point leads to improved tolerance and achievement.

When we experience Functional Symptoms, we can often stop doing things that we used to enjoy. However, avoiding things often makes us feel worse in the long-term. 

1. The first step is to think about things you have stopped doing/are doing less/are avoiding as a result of your symptoms. Make a note below of things you are avoiding because of how you are feeling. 

2. Once you have filled in Section 1, the next step is to plan how easy it would be to start doing some of the avoided activities again.  It may seem overwhelming in the beginning, however, it is much easier if you break the process down into smaller steps. 

3. Create a ladder (hierarchy) of things you avoid with the ones you are most anxious about at the top, and the ones that bother you less at the bottom.  Try to include a good mix of the things you wrote down in Section 1. Start to tackle your fears and your abdominal pain by starting at the bottom of the ladder and gradually working your way through each step. Before completing each task, write down what you think will happen, and follow this up by writing down what happened after task completion. Hopefully, you will start to see that it is mostly not as bad as you think it is going to be. 

	Situation	Difficulty – 0 to 10
	Example: playing rugby again	10 (most difficult)
	Example: texting a friend	0 (least difficult)

For a printable version of this exercise, please click here.

Having Functional Symptoms can cause you to stop taking part in activities you enjoy. Goal setting is about working out what you would like to be able to do, and working towards achieving it. Goal setting is a powerful way of improving your quality of life and sense of control. It is important that goals are meaningful to you and feel good.   

A goal is something that you are motivated to work towards and achieve. When you are working on activity levels, it is important to set goals that can help to both motivate you, as well as direct your efforts and energy.

• Specific: clearly state what you would like to happen

• Measurable: will you be able to say it was achieved?

• Achievable: are you able to complete the task independently?

• Realistic: are you going to do it?

• Timely: think whether it is ‘the right time’ to do this. Set yourself a realistic time limit to achieve this goal.

Specific

To create a specific goal it must answer the 6 ‘W’s.

1. WHO is this goal for/who is involved in it?

2. WHAT is it that needs to be accomplished?

3. WHERE should this goal take place?

4. WHEN will this goal be completed, or how long will it take?

5. WHICH things or requirements, and constraints, need to be identified?

6. WHY does this goal need to be accomplished? What is its purpose?

For example:

‘I want to use Progressive Muscle Relaxation to help manage my pain’ as a SMART goal would be: 

‘I want to use Progressive Muscle Relaxation 30 minutes, everyday at home for one month, to reduce my symptom severity’.

Measurable

Measurable goals make it easier to stay on track to meeting your goals. Questions like ‘how much’, or ‘how many’, or ‘how will I tell if I met my goal’ is a good way to determine what to measure. For example, practicing Progressive Muscle Relaxation for 30 minutes everyday is quantifiable and measurable. You can track your progress and see results.

Realistic

When you are coping with abdominal pain you need to have goals which are realistic and reasonable. It is easy to get ahead of yourself. Sometimes people fall into the trap of getting overwhelmed by goals which seem impossible. Make a realistic goal by breaking into smaller goals.

Timely

An important factor in achieving your goals is seeing the progress you have made. Set a time limit to complete your goal. For example, practice progressive muscle relaxation for 30 minutes each day, for a month before you tackle another goal. Write down your progress, seeing progress can motivate and encourage you.

Doing more

Mood can be greatly affected by what we do, when we do it, and with whom.

Keep track of what you do each day and make sure you are spending your time doing enough things that give you a sense of:

• A - achievement

• C – closeness to others

• E – enjoyment

Being mindful of these 3 things when goal setting may help you to set meaningful SMART goals. Doing more also allows less time for negative and unhelpful thoughts and overthinking, which will have a positive effect on mood. 

Sleep difficulties are very common in individuals with Functional Symptoms. It is important to develop positive sleeping behaviors to help reduce anxiety and symptoms severity. 

Routine 

• Sleep at regular times each night, this programs the brain and internal body clock to get used to a set routine.  

• It is important to try and wake up around the same time each day. If you have a bad night, still try to wake up at the same time in the morning. ‘Catching up on sleep’ on a regular basis can disturb your sleep routine.  

• The amount of sleep you need changes as you grow. 

 Preparing Your Room 

• Make your bedroom just for sleep, try to avoid eating your meals in bed, or playing games in bed. Your bed should be for sleeping only.  

• Keep your bedroom tidy and free of distractions at bedtime - clear away any toys or clothes lying around. 

• Keep the room at a good temperature and try to reduce light. Keeping light levels dim encourages the body to produce the sleep hormone, melatonin. If you are worried about the dark, you could try having a small night light. 

Wind Down Before Bed 

• Having a warm bath can help your body to reach a temperature that is ideal for rest. 

• Avoid using smartphones, tablets, or other electronical devices for roughly an hour before bed. The light from the screens of these devices may have a negative effect on sleep. 

• Relaxation exercises, such as light yoga stretches and those included later in this pack can help to relax the muscles. However, vigorous exercise will have the opposite effect.  

• If your mind is busy, write a to-do list for tomorrow or write down your thoughts. This will help to organize your thoughts and clear your mind of any distractions. 

Calming The Body - Feeling relaxed can help reduce symptom severity

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)

Muscle tension is commonly associated with stress and anxiety, it is the body’s natural response to potentially dangerous situations. Even when there is no danger, our bodies can still respond in the same way. You may not always realise that your muscles are tense, it may be as subtle as your jaw clenching, or as obvious as your shoulders feeling tight and hunched. PGR is a deep relaxation technique which is based upon the simple practice of tensing one muscle group at a time . This is followed by a relaxation phase with release of tension. This is very useful before bedtime.

Deep Breathing

During deep breathing your blood is oxygenated, triggering the release of endorphins, whilst also decreasing the release of stress hormones, and slowing down your heart rate.

Calming The Mind - Strategies for managing the anxiety and stress that is often associated with functional symptoms

Worry Tree

Worry Trees are helpful in reducing levels of anxiety surrounding both hypothetical situations and current problems. 

Visualisation

Help yourself to feel more relaxed by thinking about things that make you feel calm and rested. For example, picturing your favourite place. This can be either independent, or you can take a guided visualisation approach. A guided visual imagery relaxation task has been provided in this pack. 

Self-Soothing Strategies

This is a useful technique for remaining grounded in the present, to alleviate symptoms of stress and anxiety.

Developing Coping-Self Talk

These are phrases that you can say to yourself that are supportive.  For example “Just because it has happened before it does not mean it will happen again”

Apps:  

• Mindfulness and Sleep:https://www.smilingmind.com.au/ 

• Meditation and Sleep:https://www.calm.com/ 

• Meditation: https://www.headspace.com/kids 

• Progressive Muscle Relaxation: https://www.thinkpacifica.com/ 

 Websites: 

• Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) : a patient's guide. This website has been compiled by neurologists and gives detailed information about neurological symptoms (such as weakness, numbness or blackouts) which are not due to neurological disease: https://www.neurosymptoms.org/  

• Non-Epileptic Attacks. This website is compiled by health professionals for patients.  It gives information about attacks which look similar to epileptic seizures, but which are not due to the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that causes epilepsy: http://www.nonepilepticattacks.info/  

• The Pain Toolkit. This source lists a collection of useful resources for healthcare professionals, families of, and people living in pain: https://www.paintoolkit.org/resources/useful-links  

• Resources for Teachers, Parents, Carers, and Children: http://www.youngminds.org.uk/ 

• Free Online Counselling: https://www.kooth.com/  

• Stress and Anxiety: https://www.moodcafe.co.uk/for-children-and-young-people/feeling-worried,-frightened,-stressed-or-anxious.aspx 

• Anxiety and Depression: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/anxiety-in-children/ 

• Mindful Breathing: www.getselfhelp.co.uk/mindfulness.htm  

• Mindful Activity: www.getselfhelp.co.uk/mindfulness.htm  

• Relaxation Techniques: www.getselfhelp.co.uk/relax.htm  

• Relaxing Imagery: www.getselfhelp.co.uk/imagery.htm  

• Thought Distancing: www.getselfhelp.co.uk/cbtsetp6.htm  

• Supporting Sleep: www.getselfhelp.co.uk/sleep.htm  

• Self Help (Insomnia): https://www.getselfhelp.co.uk/sleep.htm 

• Headache Information: https://www.migrainetrust.org/ 

• Social Anxiety UK: www.social-anxiety.org.uk